ETC5521 Assignment 1
Global Fishing
Min Min Soh
Rohan Baghel
2022-08-25
- 1 Introduction and motivation (Emily)
- 2 Data description
- 2.1
aquaculture-farmed-fish-production.csv - 2.2
capture-fisheries-vs-aquaculture.csv - 2.3
capture-fishery-production.csv - 2.4
fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita.csv - 2.5
fish-stocks-within-sustainable-levels.csv - 2.6
global-fishery-catch-by-sector.csv - 2.7
seafood-and-fish-production-thousand-tonnes.csv
- 2.1
- 3 Questions of interest
- 4 Expected findings
- 5 Analysis and findings
- 6 Distribution
- 7 References
This assignment is for ETC5521 Assignment 1 by Team EMU comprising of Min Min Soh and Rohan Baghel.
1 Introduction and motivation (Emily)
Global fishing has received a great deal of attention in the media for the past decades. The rise of world population over the decades have increased the demand for seafood consumption across the world. Coastal countries such as Iceland and Maldives still mainly rely on fishing as one of the most important food sources. In this analysis, our first research question would learn about the seafood consumption of each country across the years. We will also study about how much seafood are being produced by each country overtime.
Meanwhile, the rise of seafood demands has increased pressure on fish stocks across the world. The health of fish population in the world remains as a concern with the rise of global fishing. There are claims that ongoing erosion of aqua diversity will eventually lead to global collapse of fisheries by 2048. It then prompts us to have a closer look at how much of fish stocks are caught within the sustainable levels over the years without overexploiting the fish populations.
Fish farming, also being known as aquaculture come into place, help to contribute to the seafood production while alleviating the pressure of wild fisheries. This inspires us to further analyse the change in the trend of aquaculture as compared to wild fish catch over time.
We begin by describing the data in the next section, how we source it and how we prepare the data for analysis. In the analysis section, we present our observations through graphical displays. Our main tool is R, a programming language for statistical computing and graphics, which we use to clean, analyse and graph the data.
2 Data description
The data set has been obtained from the website https://ourworldindata.org. The data comprises of seven files in the “.csv” format which is machine readable and can be used to analyze the state of fish production and consumption in the world.
The data dictionary for the data set has been given below. They define the variables and their types in each of the data sets that has been given in the data set.
2.1 aquaculture-farmed-fish-production.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | . |
| Aquaculture production (metric tons) | double | . |
2.2 capture-fisheries-vs-aquaculture.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | Year |
| Aquaculture production (metric tons) | double | Production of aquaculture animals |
| Capture fisheries production (metric tons) | double | Captured aquaculture |
2.3 capture-fishery-production.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | Year |
| Capture fisheries production (metric tons) | double | Captured fisheres production |
2.4 fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | Year |
| Fish, Seafood- Food supply quantity (kg/capita/yr) (FAO, 2020) | double | Average supply of fish and seafood across the population, measured in kilograms per person per year. |
2.5 fish-stocks-within-sustainable-levels.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | Year |
| Share of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels (FAO, 2020) | double | Share of sustainable fish stock |
| Share of fish stocks that are overexploited | double | Share of fish stock that are overexploited |
2.6 global-fishery-catch-by-sector.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | Year |
| Artisanal (small-scale commercial) | double | Catch by small-scale commercial |
| Discards | double | Discarded quantities |
| Industrial (large-scale commercial) | double | Large scale commercial |
| Recreational | double | Recreational fishing |
| Subsistence | double | Food caught to feed self/family |
2.7 seafood-and-fish-production-thousand-tonnes.csv
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | character | Country/entity |
| Code | character | Country code (see countrycode R package) |
| Year | double | . |
| Pelagic Fish - 2763 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Pelagic Fish |
| Crustaceans - 2765 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Crustaceans |
| Cephalopods - 2766 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Cephalopods |
| Demersal Fish - 2762 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Demersal |
| Freshwater Fish - 2761 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Freshwater |
| Molluscs, Other - 2767 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Molluscs |
| Marine Fish, Other - 2764 - Production - 5510 - tonnes | double | Marine |
3 Questions of interest
Q1 What is the contribution of each production sector in global fishery from 1950 ?
Q2 What is the contribution of each country in the global fishery sector ?
Q3 What is the share of type of fishes produced in each country ?
Q4 What is the production level of each country by capturing over the years ?
Q5 What is the production level of each country by farming over the years ?
Q6 What has been the trend of seafood consumption of each country over the years ? -
Q7 What has been the trend of captured vs farmed production of each country over the years ?
Q8 What has been the trend of sustainable levels of fish stocks in the world ? -
Q9 What is the share of fishes of the that have been been overexploited in the world over the years ?
Q10 How much of the fish stocks are maintained at sustainable levels in the world of world as compared to overall production level?
Q11 What is the production level of fish by each continent ?
Q12 What is the consumption level of fish by each continent ?
Q13 What can we learn about the uses of fish catch by countries?
Q14 What can we learn about the uses of fish catch across the years?
Q15 Comparing seafood production to seafood consumption across the years
Q16 What can we learn about the sustainable levels of fishing as compared to farming
Q17 Would aquaculture alleviate the pressure of seafood consumption across the years?
Q18 What can we observe about the seafood consumption in coastal countries and landlocked countries over time?
Q19 What can we observe about the level of seafood being discarded in the world across the years?
Q20 How much fresh water produce in each country over time ?
4 Expected findings
What has been the trend of seafood consumption of each country over the years ?
We would expect that there is an increasing trend of seafood consumption levels over the years given that rise of population.
We would expect that coastal countries consumed more seafood than landlocked countries.
What has been the trend of captured vs farmed production of each country over the years ?
We would expect that the farmed production to be increasing over the years.
We would expect the high technology countries to contribute more to the farmed production.
What is the contribution of each country in the global fishery sector ?
The expectation is that of growing trend in fishing for each country for feeding the increasing populace.
Countries that are landlocked or that do not have a big coastline will be contributing less to the fishery sector.
What has been the trend of sustainable levels of fish stocks in the world ?
An increase in the trend of over-exploitation of fish stocks all over the world.
A decreasing trend in the biologically sustainable levels of fish stocks all over the world.
5 Analysis and findings
[FILL] Should include at least one plot or numerical summary for each of your questions, that helps the reader arrive at an answer. You should also write paragraphs describing the methods, summaries and findings.
Graph:
– country lvl? different regions?
– indexing
– boxplot - differences by geographic region
Method: – data collected over a relatively short period of time (almost six years) – indexing : We want to adjust all values to 2003 dollars, so we divide each CPI value by its value in March 2003. This operation is also known as indexing. It gives the relative worth of a 2003 dollar at each point in time and makes it easy to read the effect of inflation from the graph: – price deciles for each month. Relative change to initial value
5.1 What has been the trend of seafood consumption of each country over the years ?
For a broad overview of the changes in seafood consumption, we’ll start with the evolution of the average seafood consumption in the world over the years.
5.1.1 Annual seafood consumption in the World over the years
Figure 5.1: Average seafood consumption in the world over time
Figure 5.1 shows the trend of world seafood consumption across the population, measured in kilograms per person per year.
We observe an increasing trend in world seafood consumption from 1961 and it peaked in 1989. However, it is worth noting that the figure declined between 1990 and 1992. The resulting drop was marked mainly due to the rise in global prices and food security issues as mentioned in (The state of food and agriculture, 1989). Public concerns about processing standards for seafood products and water pollution have gave rise to the safety concerns on consuming seafood products, leading to the reduction in the seafood consumption. In addition to safety concerns, economic and financial difficulties remained an issue especially in the heavily indebted oil-exporting countries and low-income countries, such as Africa, Latin America, the Carribean and the Near East East. This led to an increased pressure on the price of many products (Dumas, M. W. (1992)). After the crisis has recovered, seafood consumption has gradually increased throughout the world. The rise is because of the positive relation between health and seafood as consumers consider seafood as highly regarded for its abundance of high-quality nutrients, including proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and minerals, which are beneficial to health (Hosomi, R., Yoshida, M., & Fukunaga, K. (2012)). Overall, this is consistent with our expectation, a clear illustration of the increasing popularity of seafood consumption.
This simple plot suggest some directions for further exploration. Are these patterns the same for all countries? To investigate this, we’ll follow the same procedure. We will partition the data based on the different nations.
5.1.2 Countries with the highest average consumption and the lowest average consumption
We’ve decided to look into the 10 countries with the highest average consumption and the 10 countries with the lowest average consumption, as the patterns of the other countries are pretty similar and the plots will be very congested with all countries included. As the original dataset provided contains other regions such as Central Africa Republic and Central America, we’ve performed an inner join with the dataset called iso3166 from the maps package to extract only countries relevant dataset.
The 10 countries with the highest average consumption from 1961 to 2017 are summarised in the table 5.1 while table ?? contains the list of 15 countries with the lowest average consumption. These results are consistent with our expectations, where the 10 countries with the highest average consumption are all coastal countries. Seafood is frequently the primary source of food and employment in coastal countries.
## [1] "Afghanistan"
## [2] "Africa"
## [3] "Albania"
## [4] "Algeria"
## [5] "Americas"
## [6] "Angola"
## [7] "Antigua and Barbuda"
## [8] "Argentina"
## [9] "Armenia"
## [10] "Asia"
## [11] "Asia, Central"
## [12] "Australia"
## [13] "Australia & New Zealand"
## [14] "Austria"
## [15] "Azerbaijan"
## [16] "Bahamas"
## [17] "Bangladesh"
## [18] "Barbados"
## [19] "Belarus"
## [20] "Belgium"
## [21] "Belgium-Luxembourg"
## [22] "Belize"
## [23] "Benin"
## [24] "Bermuda"
## [25] "Bolivia"
## [26] "Bosnia and Herzegovina"
## [27] "Botswana"
## [28] "Brazil"
## [29] "Brunei"
## [30] "Bulgaria"
## [31] "Burkina Faso"
## [32] "Cambodia"
## [33] "Cameroon"
## [34] "Canada"
## [35] "Cape Verde"
## [36] "Caribbean"
## [37] "Central African Republic"
## [38] "Central America"
## [39] "Chad"
## [40] "Chile"
## [41] "China"
## [42] "Colombia"
## [43] "Congo"
## [44] "Costa Rica"
## [45] "Cote d'Ivoire"
## [46] "Croatia"
## [47] "Cuba"
## [48] "Cyprus"
## [49] "Czechia"
## [50] "Czechoslovakia"
## [51] "Denmark"
## [52] "Djibouti"
## [53] "Dominica"
## [54] "Dominican Republic"
## [55] "Eastern Africa"
## [56] "Eastern Asia"
## [57] "Eastern Europe"
## [58] "Ecuador"
## [59] "Egypt"
## [60] "El Salvador"
## [61] "Estonia"
## [62] "Eswatini"
## [63] "Ethiopia"
## [64] "Ethiopia PDR"
## [65] "Europe"
## [66] "Europe, Western"
## [67] "European Union"
## [68] "Fiji"
## [69] "Finland"
## [70] "France"
## [71] "French Polynesia"
## [72] "Gabon"
## [73] "Gambia"
## [74] "Georgia"
## [75] "Germany"
## [76] "Ghana"
## [77] "Greece"
## [78] "Grenada"
## [79] "Guatemala"
## [80] "Guinea"
## [81] "Guinea-Bissau"
## [82] "Guyana"
## [83] "Haiti"
## [84] "Honduras"
## [85] "Hong Kong"
## [86] "Hungary"
## [87] "Iceland"
## [88] "India"
## [89] "Indonesia"
## [90] "Iran"
## [91] "Iraq"
## [92] "Ireland"
## [93] "Israel"
## [94] "Italy"
## [95] "Jamaica"
## [96] "Japan"
## [97] "Jordan"
## [98] "Kazakhstan"
## [99] "Kenya"
## [100] "Kiribati"
## [101] "Kuwait"
## [102] "Kyrgyzstan"
## [103] "Land Locked Developing Countries"
## [104] "Laos"
## [105] "Latvia"
## [106] "Least Developed Countries"
## [107] "Lebanon"
## [108] "Lesotho"
## [109] "Liberia"
## [110] "Lithuania"
## [111] "Low Income Food Deficit Countries"
## [112] "Luxembourg"
## [113] "Macao"
## [114] "Madagascar"
## [115] "Malawi"
## [116] "Malaysia"
## [117] "Maldives"
## [118] "Mali"
## [119] "Malta"
## [120] "Mauritania"
## [121] "Mauritius"
## [122] "Melanesia"
## [123] "Mexico"
## [124] "Micronesia (region)"
## [125] "Middle Africa"
## [126] "Moldova"
## [127] "Mongolia"
## [128] "Montenegro"
## [129] "Morocco"
## [130] "Mozambique"
## [131] "Myanmar"
## [132] "Namibia"
## [133] "Nepal"
## [134] "Net Food Importing Developing Countries"
## [135] "Netherlands"
## [136] "Netherlands Antilles"
## [137] "New Caledonia"
## [138] "New Zealand"
## [139] "Nicaragua"
## [140] "Niger"
## [141] "Nigeria"
## [142] "North Korea"
## [143] "North Macedonia"
## [144] "Northern Africa"
## [145] "Northern America"
## [146] "Northern Europe"
## [147] "Norway"
## [148] "Oceania"
## [149] "Oman"
## [150] "Pakistan"
## [151] "Panama"
## [152] "Paraguay"
## [153] "Peru"
## [154] "Philippines"
## [155] "Poland"
## [156] "Polynesia"
## [157] "Portugal"
## [158] "Romania"
## [159] "Russia"
## [160] "Rwanda"
## [161] "Saint Kitts and Nevis"
## [162] "Saint Lucia"
## [163] "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
## [164] "Samoa"
## [165] "Sao Tome and Principe"
## [166] "Saudi Arabia"
## [167] "Senegal"
## [168] "Serbia"
## [169] "Serbia and Montenegro"
## [170] "Sierra Leone"
## [171] "Slovakia"
## [172] "Slovenia"
## [173] "Small island developing States"
## [174] "Solomon Islands"
## [175] "South Africa"
## [176] "South America"
## [177] "South Eastern Asia"
## [178] "South Korea"
## [179] "Southern Africa"
## [180] "Southern Asia"
## [181] "Southern Europe"
## [182] "Spain"
## [183] "Sri Lanka"
## [184] "Sudan"
## [185] "Sudan (former)"
## [186] "Suriname"
## [187] "Sweden"
## [188] "Switzerland"
## [189] "Taiwan"
## [190] "Tajikistan"
## [191] "Tanzania"
## [192] "Thailand"
## [193] "Timor"
## [194] "Togo"
## [195] "Trinidad and Tobago"
## [196] "Tunisia"
## [197] "Turkey"
## [198] "Turkmenistan"
## [199] "USSR"
## [200] "Uganda"
## [201] "Ukraine"
## [202] "United Arab Emirates"
## [203] "United Kingdom"
## [204] "United States"
## [205] "Uruguay"
## [206] "Uzbekistan"
## [207] "Vanuatu"
## [208] "Venezuela"
## [209] "Vietnam"
## [210] "Western Africa"
## [211] "Western Asia"
## [212] "World"
## [213] "Yemen"
## [214] "Yugoslavia"
## [215] "Zambia"
## [216] "Zimbabwe"| Entity | Average Consumption (kg) per person per capita | rank |
|---|---|---|
| MALDIVES | 120.85105 | 1 |
| ICELAND | 84.61667 | 2 |
| KIRIBATI | 68.23930 | 3 |
| JAPAN | 61.34737 | 4 |
| HONG KONG | 55.16842 | 5 |
| PORTUGAL | 53.56579 | 6 |
| NORWAY | 46.02509 | 7 |
| MALAYSIA | 44.68544 | 8 |
| SOLOMON ISLANDS | 44.43421 | 9 |
| ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | 42.99000 | 10 |
| Entity | Average Consumption (kg) per person per capita | rank |
|---|---|---|
| AFGHANISTAN | 0.0782456 | 1 |
| ETHIOPIA | 0.2260000 | 2 |
| TAJIKISTAN | 0.2892308 | 3 |
| MONGOLIA | 0.5438596 | 4 |
| LESOTHO | 0.6863158 | 5 |
| UZBEKISTAN | 0.7707692 | 6 |
| NEPAL | 0.9540351 | 7 |
| SUDAN | 1.0133333 | 8 |
| GUATEMALA | 1.1338596 | 9 |
| RWANDA | 1.2085965 | 10 |
5.1.3 Geographic Differences : Trend in seafood consumption for top 10 nations & lowest 10 nations
In this section we explore the changes in seafood consumption over time in the 10 countries with the highest average seafood consumption. Recall that in our earlier discussion of seafood consumption trend in the world where we observe a decrease in 1989. We then insert a vertical dashed line at the point where year is 1989 for comparison purposes.
Figure 5.2: Seafood consumption among the top 10 countries over time
## Warning: `gather_()` was deprecated in tidyr 1.2.0.
## Please use `gather()` instead.
## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was generated.Figure 5.3: Seafood consumption among the top 10 countries over time. This plot is the same as previous plot but it allows interative plot elements.
Figure 5.4: Individual plots of the seafood consumption over time among the top 10 countries
There is considerable variation in seafood consumption trend among top 10 countries. As shown in figure 5.3 and figure 5.4, we observe an increasing trend from 1961 to 1989 for most of the countries except for Portugal where there’s a sharp decrease in 1969. Interestingly, some of the countries like Hong Kong and Malaysia display an increasing trend in 1989 where the other countries are showing a decreasing trend in the seafood consumption, similar to what we have observed previously in the world trend in figure 5.1. This is mainly associated with the improvements of economic conditions in Asia in 1988 along with the recovery of production where food production as a whole remained stable and price inflation remained moderate (Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Stations, 1989). Notably, seafood consumption in Maldives is the highest compared to the other nations and the trend fluctuates overtime. Fisheries sector has been a contributing sector for Maldives in employment, exports and food security. The trend is declining after 2010, due to a combination of factors, including overfishing, employment falling and higher fuel costs (Salinas, E., Van Doorn, R., & Redaelli, S. (2015)). Solomon islands and Japan also show a declining trend in seafood consumption too, which are mainly due to the overfishing problem. Overall, these 10 countries display a different result to our expectations, even though some countries are showing an increasing trend in seafood consumption, there are others which show a decline in consumption.
Figure 5.5: Seafood consumption among the lowest 10 countries over time
5.2 What has been the trend of captured vs farmed production of each country over the years ?
- sub question : – The top seven producers : In 2020, these producers accounted for almost 49 percent of total global capture production:
## Top 10 countries contribute the most to aquaculture over the years?
5.3 year 2000 onwards due to limited data over some of the countries
| Entity | Average wild fish caught (metric tons) | Average aquaculture (metric tons) | rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHINA | 15206839 | 15206839 | 1 |
| PERU | 6740076 | 6740076 | 2 |
| INDONESIA | 5491442 | 5491442 | 3 |
| UNITED STATES | 5246058 | 5246058 | 4 |
| INDIA | 4357689 | 4357689 | 5 |
| JAPAN | 4132989 | 4132989 | 6 |
| CHILE | 3499792 | 3499792 | 7 |
| NORWAY | 2584042 | 2584042 | 8 |
| VIETNAM | 2346373 | 2346373 | 9 |
| PHILIPPINES | 2203608 | 2203608 | 10 |
Table 5.3 shows th
6 Distribution
7 References
Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2021) - “Biodiversity”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/biodiversity’ [Online Resource]
Dumas, M. W. (1992). Productivity trends: prepared fish and seafoods industry. Monthly Lab. Rev., 115, 3.
Hosomi, R., Yoshida, M., & Fukunaga, K. (2012). Seafood consumption and components for health. Global journal of health science, 4(3), 72.
Jensen, Helen H. “Changes in seafood consumer preference patterns and associated changes in risk exposure.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 53.10-12 (2006): 591-598.
Bennett, A., Patil, P., Kleisner, K., Rader, D., Virdin, J., & Basurto, X. (2018). Contribufion of fisheries to food and nutrifion security: Current knowledge, policy, and research.
Salinas, E., Van Doorn, R., & Redaelli, S. (2015). Maldives: Identifying Opportunities and Constraints to Ending Poverty and Promoting Shared Prosperity.